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The membranes penetrated would include those that form the BBB thus, molecular hydrogen should have unrestricted access to the CNS, a characteristic shared with few potential therapeutics. As a low molecular weight (2 Da), uncharged molecule, molecular hydrogen has the ability to penetrate biological membranes. First introduced by Ohsawa et al in 2007, molecular hydrogen acts at least in part as an anti-oxidant, combining with hydroxyl ions that are produced by CNS injuries, although other mechanisms may also exist. One such potential therapeutic is molecular hydrogen. This would require the therapeutic to have low toxicity and to be easily administered. Ideally, these treatments could be given immediately, even at the time of injury. Thus, preventative and interventive therapeutics are needed to treat TBI as early as possible. Once set in motion, these processes often become self-reinforcing unless the cycle can be disrupted. These endpoints and mechanisms include brain edema, tauopathy, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Although TBI arises from a variety of injuries, the clincial endpoints that result and the mechanisms that drive the CNS towards those endpoints are thought to be shared not only among TBI’s, but also by a host of neurodegenerative diseases. Injuries that penetrate the skull are more rare but a very serious form of TBI. In addition to blast injuries in theaters of war, TBI in the civilian population takes many forms with falls recently supplanting automobile accidents as the most common cause of TBI. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has emerged as a signature injury of the early 21st century. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. BCK was supported by VA Merit Review R0-1 NS064131. WAB and GNS was supported by RO-1 DK083485. WAB was supported by VA Merit Review RO-1 AG029839. All relevant data are within the paper.įunding: KD was supported by Kiban C grant number 23592683. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.ĭata Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction.
#HYDROGEN WATER FREE#
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: Accepted: AugPublished: September 24, 2014 PLoS ONE 9(9):Įditor: Tsuneya Ikezu, Boston University School of Medicine, United States of America (2014) Molecular Hydrogen in Drinking Water Protects against Neurodegenerative Changes Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury. These results show that molecular hydrogen given in drinking water reverses many of the sequelae of CCI and suggests that it could be an easily administered, highly effective treatment for TBI.Ĭitation: Dohi K, Kraemer BC, Erickson MA, McMillan PJ, Kovac A, Flachbartova Z, et al.
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Finally, we found that mHW preserved or increased ATP levels and propose a new mechanism for mHW, that of ATP production through the Jagendorf reaction. Treatment with mHW also reversed the increase seen 4 h after CCI in gene expression related to oxidation/carbohydrate metabolism, cytokine release, leukocyte or cell migration, cytokine transport, ATP and nucleotide binding. We found that mHW reversed CCI-induced edema by about half, completely blocked pathological tau expression, accentuated an early increase seen in several cytokines but attenuated that increase by day 7, reversed changes seen in the protein levels of aquaporin-4, HIF-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, but not for amyloid beta peptide 1–40 or 1–42.
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Here, we examined the ability of the antioxidant molecular hydrogen given in drinking water (molecular hydrogen water mHW) to alter the acute changes induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI), a commonly used experimental model of TBI. Acute TBI can transform into a chronic condition and be a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, probably through induction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in its various forms has emerged as a major problem for modern society.